The Horn of Africa is experiencing multiple overlapping conflicts, including the ongoing jihadist insurgency by al-Shabaab in Somalia, sustained violence from the Fano militias and OLA insurgency in Ethiopia, and the civil war in Sudan between the SAF and RSF. A new threat has emerged from a potential war between Ethiopia and Eritrea, fueled by a port access dispute with Somaliland and broader regional rivalries involving countries like Egypt, Turkey, and the UAE. These localized conflicts have the potential to escalate and merge, further destabilizing the region.
Current Major Conflicts
Somalia:
The primary threat is the al-Shabaab insurgency, which continues to fight against the federal government, allied militias, and African Union troops, while also launching attacks into neighboring countries like Kenya.
Ethiopia:
The country is experiencing intensified activity from two main ethnonationalist insurgencies: the Fano militias (linked to Amhara nationalism) and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) (linked to Oromo nationalism). The recent tensions between Ethiopia and Eritrea add to the instability, with concerns of renewed border conflict.
Sudan:
A power struggle between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has resulted in widespread violence and instability, drawing in various armed groups.
Emerging Tensions & Risks
Ethiopia-Eritrea Tensions:
After a brief alliance against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Ethiopia and Eritrea have become increasingly antagonistic. A tense stand-off over Ethiopia's potential port access in Somaliland could ignite conflict between the two nations.
Intertwined Disputes:
The port dispute in Somaliland has also entangled Ethiopia with Egypt and Somalia, raising regional tensions.
Risk of Escalation:
The separation of these conflicts is precarious, and their escalation or potential merger could lead to a broader regional war.
Root Causes
Internal Ethnic & Political Strife:
Many conflicts are fueled by ethnonationalism, as seen in Ethiopia with groups like the Fano militias and OLA.
External Power Rivalries:
Outside powers, particularly from the Gulf and other regions, compete for influence and resources in the Horn, which often destabilizes the area.
Resource Disputes:
Conflicts over access to vital resources, such as water (like the Nile water dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia) and key port facilities, continue to drive regional tensions.
Consequences
- Increased Violence: The ongoing and potential conflicts have led to significant casualties and displacement, with a sharp increase in fatalities reported.
- Empowerment of Militant Groups: Instability and rivalries can strengthen extremist groups like al-Shabaab.
- Regional Insecurity: The interconnected nature of these disputes risks a domino effect of conflict spreading across the region, impacting neighboring states like Kenya and impacting regional security.
- Accroissement de la violence : Les conflits en cours et potentiels ont fait de nombreuses victimes et provoqué des déplacements, avec une forte augmentation du nombre de décès signalés.
- Renforcement des groupes militants : L’instabilité et les rivalités peuvent renforcer les groupes extrémistes comme Al-Shabaab.
- Insécurité régionale : L’interdépendance de ces conflits risque de provoquer un effet domino : le conflit se propagerait à toute la région, impactant les États voisins comme le Kenya et compromettant la sécurité régionale.

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