Step 4 – Debt Accumulation (Disadvantage)
Elder Dinku: “But the money we borrowed is a heavy rope. When the rains fail, our farmers cannot pay taxes, and the loan repayments still come due.”
Alem’s Note: Ethiopia’s external debt rose from $2 billion in 2015 to $7 billion in 2024. Servicing the debt consumes roughly 8 % of the national budget, limiting spending on health and education.

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